The Alexandria Underwater Museum Project

The Alexandria Underwater Museum Project

The seas surrounding the more than 2,000 year old city of Alexandria have been witness to numerous important historical events. Alexander the Great, the Ptolemaic dynasty and Cleopatra VII as well as Napoleon and Nelson are famous names connected with this region. While the Bay of Alexandria still houses the remains of the famous Pharos, one of the seven wonders of the world, as well as the ruins of the Ptolemaic palace, the nearby Bay of Abukir saw the sinking of the ancient cities of Canopus and Herakleion into the ocean and, more recently, in Napoleonic times, it was the site of three naval battles which left numerous shipwrecks on the sea floor.

The first indications of the existence of important underwater cultural heritage in the Western and Eastern Bays of Alexandria were found at the very beginning of the 20th century. It took however many years for real archaeological 

excavations to begin.

The Alexandria Underwater Museum Project

The Alexandria Underwater Museum Project

The Alexandria Underwater Museum Project

The Alexandria Underwater Museum Project

The Alexandria Underwater Museum Project

Hairstyles when the Pharaohs

, Hairstyles when the Pharaohs

According to what proved skulls belonging to their wives .. Pharaohs used "hair extensions" and henna before 3 thousand years!

Archaeologists found in the Egyptian city of Amarna on a set of skulls Women older than 3 thousand years, stresses that "links" Hair dye is not a new invention.

The archaeologists found 28 skull still retains her hair, with different hairstyles, short ones, some of which is Bzvaúr, and was one of the skulls keeps more than 70 Link hair, according to the newspaper "Daily Mail" British.

She said archaeologist Gaulinda Boss magazine "Life Science", "One of the most fundamental questions in this study, is whether this is the work of layoffs as part of the burial ceremony, or was it part of their daily lives."
It is noteworthy that Amarna was the capital established by King Akhenaten, the last king of the family eighth top ten, which is located 45 kilometers south of Minya Governorate, remains of the ancient capital existed until now.

 

Mary Anning found the fossils of prehistoric animals

Mary Anning found the fossils of prehistoric animals. Today many children like finding out about dinosaurs . When Mary Anning was a child, no one knew about these long-dead animals. Mary's fossil-hunting helped change the way people thought about the world

Google digs into history to salute British paleontologist with Doodle

Mary Anning was a pioneering paleontologist two centuries ago, at a time when a number of notable women were pursuing the science of finding fossils. Yet it was also an era when, as women, they could not be rewarded with the highest professional recognition for their work.

In Southwest Britain, along the English Channel in Dorset, a young Anning would scour and dig and unearth scientific treasures from the marine fossil beds at Lyme Regis, where she would make a name for herself within the field as collector and researcher and expert

The greatest fossil hunter ever known was a woman from Lyme Regis. Mary Anning's discoveries were some of the most significant geological finds of all time. They provided evidence that was central to the development of new ideas about the history of the Earth.

Mary Anning’s contribution had a major impact at a time when there was little to challenge the biblical interpretation of the story of creation and of the flood. The spectacular marine reptiles that Anning unearthed shook the scientific community into looking at different explanations for changes in the natural world. William Buckland, Henry de la Beche and William Conybeare were some of the many scientists who owe their achievements to her. By the time of her death, geology was firmly established as its own scientific discipline.

Early life and dangerous living

Mary Anning was born on 21 May 1799 into a humble family of dissenters in Lyme Regis, on the Dorset coast. She and her brother Joseph were the only survivors among 10 children born to Richard Anning and his wife Mary Moore. 

Named after a sister who died in a house fire, Anning herself survived a lightning strike that killed three others. Legend had it the lightning turned her into a bright and observant child.

Selling seashells on the seashore

Anning's father Richard was a carpenter and cabinet-maker who taught his daughter how to look for and to clean fossils. 

They sold the ‘curiosities’ they collected from a stall on the seafront, where they found customers among the middle classes who flocked to Lyme in the summer. 

Their shop was such a feature of the area that some people think that Mary Anning was the inspiration for the well-known tongue-twister 'She sells seashells on the seashore', which was written by Terry Sullivan in1908.

Hardships

The family remained very poor though and when Richard died in 1810 aged only 44, as a result of consumption and injuries following a fall, it brought great hardship.

Young Mary supplemented their meagre income by continuing the trade. She had a good eye for fossils. The cliffs and foreshore at Lyme are rich in belemnites and ammonites, and occasionally reptiles and fishes, deposited from Jurassic seas 200 million years ago. 

Waves from the sea and landslides constantly exposed new supplies. There were good pickings but it was a dangerous living – mudflows, treacherous tides, unstable cliffs and unforgiving seas.

First fabulous find

In 1811, Anning’s brother Joseph found a skull protruding from a cliff. Over a period of months Mary painstakingly uncovered an almost complete skeleton of a ‘crocodile’. 

The specimen was bought by the local lord of the manor Henry Hoste Henley who sold it to William Bullock for his Museum of Natural Curiosities in London. 

This brought Mary Anning’s reputation to the attention of scientific circles. The specimen was later named Ichthyosaurus, the ‘fish-lizard’, by scientists de la Beche and Conybeare.

Help for destitute family

The Anning family had now established themselves as fossil hunters. However they remained poor, almost destitute. 

In 1820 one of their patrons, Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas James Birch, organised an auction of specimens he had purchased from them. 

The sale attracted interest from Britain and all over Europe and raised £400 which he generously donated to them. The publicity consolidated Mary Anning’s fame.

More sensational fossils

Further sensational finds were made. New, more complete skeletons of ichthyosaurs were discovered. This was followed by a complete skeleton of the long-necked Plesiosaurus, the ‘sea-dragon’ in 1823. It proved the inspiration for Thomas Hawkins’ 1840 publication Book of the Great Sea Dragons. 

This was followed by the ‘flying-dragon’ Pterodactylus in 1828, and Squaloraja, a fossil fish intermediary between a shark and a ray, in 1829. 

In the winter of 1830, Anning found a new, large-headed Plesiosaurus, bought for 200 guineas, £210, by William Willoughby, later Earl of Enniskillen. Her discoveries were featured in the lithograph Duria Antiquior, A More Ancient Dorset, prepared by Henry de la Beche around1830 for her financial benefit.

A popular figure

Anning was literate, despite having only a little education. She taught herself geology and anatomy. She was visited by, and corresponded with, eminent scientists of the time. 

Her opinions were sought and she was acknowledged as an expert in many areas, including on the rather unglamorous coprolites (fossil faeces). 

Surprisingly, members of fashionable society called on her at Lyme. Their curiosity was mixed with enchantment at her fossil hunting and her intelligence and humour.

Anning had her detractors too. Georges Cuvier, France’s eminent anatomist, accused her of fraud, an allegation she ably refuted. 

Anning also made the discovery that ink from squid-like belemnites can be ground up and used for drawing.

Dorset home

Anning's life revolved around Lyme Regis. She only left once in her lifetime, for a short trip to London. Her picture shows a middle aged woman, carrying with her hammer, accompanied by her dog, Tray.

Final recognition

Anning died from breast cancer, aged 47. For one with such disadvantaged beginnings, she had gained the respect and imagination of scientific and lay public who gave her recognition in her lifetime. 

Nine years before her death she was given an annuity, or annual payment, raised by members of the British Association for the Advancement of Science and the Geological Society of London. 

She was the first honorary member of the new Dorset County Museum. 

Anning's death in 1847 was recorded by the Geological Society (which did not admit women until 1904) and her life commemorated by a stained glass window in the local church.

Wedding tourist on the way Pharaonic Sharm El Sheikh

Celebrated tourist Russian night of her wedding on the way Pharaonic wearing the costume of Queen Cleopatra, and roamed the bride Naama Bay in Sharm El Sheikh mounted on the shoulders , amid hundreds of foreign tourists of various nationalities , until it reached shore , Delta Sharm , where he was greeted by the groom  Egyptian national wearing is the other Ze Antonio

Couple sat inside  Kosha Pharaonic  Atleghan congratulations from the guests  followed by  cutting tart topped with three pyramids and the Sphinx  then gave the bride groom network  followed by a collection of Pharaonic dances

Company organized a celebratory Princess Sina Group Sharm El-Sheikh in the context of attracting and promoting tourism through View the Pharaonic civilization
 

 

Said Ahmad Badawi tourist expert and chairman of the company , the primary purpose of the celebration is to send a message to the world that the Sharm el-Sheikh is absolutely safe , pointing out that the Pharaonic era of Ages deals in the history of Egypt  which attract tourists , especially kings such as Cleopatra and Antonio

In a related development  the participants expressed their admiration for the ceremony in the extreme the idea  demanding the company repeating once a month at least

Finding archaeological cemetery dating back to the era of King Ramses II under a poultry farm

Finding archaeological cemetery dating back to the era of King Ramses II under a poultry farm

 Police threw Antiquities and Tourism eastern province arrested the employee e-digging under a poultry farm owned by extracting some of the artifacts from the tomb dating to the era of King Ramses II, in order to sell them

 

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Where the citizen digging the basement of a length of 6 meters, under a poultry farm and his home in the village center Guentir Faqous, and extract them by a large column archaeological inscriptions and archaeological cartridges and small column size by the same patterns.

The importance of women in ancient Egypt Khntekaws Queen of Egypt

The importance of women in ancient Egypt
Khntekaws Queen of Egypt

Or the King of Upper and Lower Egypt was in the year 2560 BC. AD . This was the queen of the family , which was the fourth of which the bones of kings Khufu , Khafre and Menkaure pyramids at Giza builders ...

Favored by some historians that the Queen is the daughter of King Menkaure , although it did not mention the effects ..

It also saw some historians she married King " Hbskaf " the last king of the Fourth Dynasty , but many historians reckon they got married " Userkaf " the first kings of the Fifth Dynasty

And bore him a " Sahora "

And " Nfrckara "

Therefore carried the title or the king of Upper and Lower Egypt .The story goes that the Queen was continued Alasateralty was told by the Egyptians in the late days of their civilization was stated as Herodotus heard from the priests of Egypt , who provided him with the news that the kings third pyramid built by a woman named " Radubis "But Herodotus also came back and decided that he was sure that the third was the architect of the pyramid of King Menkaure and Radubis were not only Ganei is an Egyptian who Achthern Bjamahin in the sixth century BC, Herodotus days or just before . If this woman was her adventures affair recounted a lot of Greeks .. Perhaps the coupling name Radubis as the betrayed gauss that the word Radubis means " rosy cheeks " and betrayed gauss was as women her family's white -skinned beautiful Vhbht this Ghanaian Radubis Let us observe the beauty of the face and the whiteness of the skin in the Princess alienated from the family which is the fourth one of the masterpieces of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

Some historians believe that betrayed Chaos ruled Egypt through her ​​son, the young king , who was a testament to it.

As it ended the rule of the family is the fourth woman who " betrayed gauss " as well as the family's rule ended sixth woman is Queen " Nitocris "

Or " Nate Everett " That was in the year 2278 BC. M. .. and this story that she was the Queen of the princesses of the Sixth Dynasty , which ruled from the Kings ' first Baby "

, Who was assassinated by his bodyguards and the King " Baby II" , who ruled the country in a little boy six years old

The story goes that the king ruled the country 94 years ago , which cut that in the last days of his rule was too old is not able to maintain control Alamoraly fully ensued country's chaos and corruption was rampant , and came after the King sons of kings vulnerable did not last rule Ayham more than a year and finally Al sentence to " Nitocris "

Historians mention that she was the eldest daughter of King Pepi I and others think it was the sister of the last king of this family , who was murdered ..

 

The ancient Egyptians venerated the '' mother '' and its key role in the community

The ancient Egyptians venerated the '' mother '' and its key role in the community

Archived for one of the ancient walls

Ancient Egyptians were eager to call in their community to a mother's love and affection and the mainland , and their children thanks and remember the importance of satisfaction with them , pointing out that the history books full of tips developed by the wise men in front of their children to respect and care for the mother .

 The mother in ancient Egypt contributed an important role and great at the same time , it was based on the care of her family and child-rearing , and overflowing with love and affection to their children next to their interest in her husband , and oversees the management of the home and the management of its affairs and the provision of comfort in it for everyone.

And that the mother was a central pillar of all household affairs was to wake up early and prepares breakfast for the family of the husband and the children , pointing out that the household chores and child care work mother fundamental are those that lay the foundation and lay the rules in the construction of her body and mind , which attends to the health and Tdaabh mercy and compassion and teach words initial and remain under the care and supervision even enter school.

Women in Ancient Egypt at the stage of motherhood , she participated her husband in raising his children in some years of age , and chisels to him in some time, where she shared in their care in the early stages of their childhood and their youth , and converted to Islam to him the reins to them and her in the early stages of maturity , pointing to pictures mother care for her son in his youth , including that she was carrying his food and drink to him in his school all -back .

He confirmed that the body of religious literature widower mother preferred to carry the burden of raising her son in the person of Isiah '' goddess '' or'' Isis '' and had embraced her child '' Hur '' after the death of his father and disappeared in the jungles of the Delta for several years , earning him the subtle to retrieve his father, the king , and record narrators Egyptians preferred the mother and son in Legends religion narrated by one of Kadisathm they devote themselves to raising her son and made ​​sure to teach school Volhakth mastered the writing styles and learn from the arts of war and fighting.

He noted that for this role with the supervisor for some mothers have feared the consequences of society's values ​​Lin mother with her children and the results of cosseting them in their youth stages and insisted to take over their father ordered them at this stage without them , or at least supervised by them and where .

Children in ancient Egypt had them luck most of the care and tenderness under knit family , they were the apple of the eyes of the parents , are doing their utmost to raise them nurture sound , indicating that the child was the first stages of life and Ahgaha care , whether at the level of the family or the community.
Egyptian man in ancient Egypt was loves children , prompting him to be careful reproduction and even early marriage even be able to raise his children before they filed by the age, and if the house is the birthplace of Education and their respective fields first is subject to the child learns and draws acquaintances initial report on human life and the bloom of his mind where he was for the stability of the family and cohesion of the biggest impact in the formation of his psyche right configuration .
And fees and statues were showing on the bezel attached to the parents to their children and Ahatthma care and love, where describes the father sitting a child in his lap or maintained his hand Hania it or accepts , also represented the mother , a suckling small or combing her daughter sponsored and loving and happy parents to see them play and have fun , especially when they take them on trips hunting birds, fish , and whatever it was Alolua pamper their children and a great understanding of the harbor and they , in turn, show a deep respect for their parents next to love.

Women sat on the throne of Egypt

Women sat on the throne of Egypt

In ancient Egypt, was the woman who holds the reins of governance put things not sanctioned by the traditions of the ancient Egyptians were not familiar .. However, history gave us queens over successive eras .. he was weak when he becomes king rule the country, the military or his commanders Asraobein between members of the royal princes .. resolved by a princess with a good .. either by her or by her marriage and its union with a pair Ahaye her way to seize control of the country Vttoj queen or king crowned her husband's control through ..

 The reader of Egyptian history since its inception Ttaala queen is " Merritt Nate " from the first family , which ruled in 3050 BC. AD . He was found on a plate buried in the tombs godmother inscribed with her ​​name the title of Queen ..

Though some believe it was the wife of the king's wife " den " of the first family , including archaeological Ahmed Fakhry and Druoton but others , including Arthur and toured Walter warrants believe she was the queen sat on the throne of Egypt and ruled the country days family first .

The Queen mentioned by history, who arrived to the throne in the wake of a weak king Sultan was the wife of King " den "
Some historians believe that it was his brother King " Hbskaf "
, Who tried to revolt against the priests of Ra Vjlt revolution and its end came to power after the verdict and inferred from the titles of the country , which was borne by the left and on the effects , including " Queen of Egypt Khntekaws

Pharaonic civilization women

Pharaonic civilization women 

Egyptians celebrated every year on 21 March / March, "the festival motherland." What many people did not know that the ancient Egyptians knew of women and Krmoha greatly honored in ceremonies similar to those held in the festival mother these days.

If the modern world was considered in 1975 to honor the internationally-year-old woman, the ancient Egyptian civilization woven yarn this honor for thousands of years. Women have occupied a privileged position among the ancient Egyptian and enjoyed the rights of social, economic, legal and political equal of the man who built her generosity and celebrations like Eid celebrations mother to be held today.

The rest is history of the Pharaohs they crowned queen of Egyptian women have been the Queen Mother Regent play a very important next to her son Among the most famous queens who have won the Queen's privileged position "Hetepheres"

King's wife, "Bent"

Mother of the King, "Cheops"

It enjoyed great prestige and Bent is known that the founder of the Fourth Dynasty
Gave Ahmose editor of the Hyksos Egypt this same veneration and respect for his grandmother Queen "Titi Chery"

Which took custody of her grandson Ahmose and replaced his place in the capital when he went to fight with the participation of all of his mother's shepherd Hotep.

Ahmose and established a large plate at Karnak shows the ability of this grandmother, Queen of the ideal in order to achieve the continuity of the family thanks to its activities and achievements in various fields so that she was able to unification between the armies of Egypt.

The Ahmose Nefertari, "the first woman to gain a medal militarily where enclose with the mummy of Ahmose hallowed memorabilia associated with the legendary courage.

The first woman secretary of justice in history

Tbut women many leadership positions with the age of the Pharaonic, until I got to rule the country, but as the first Secretary of Justice was the share of the Queen of Pharaonic, has been given the Pharaonic era for women this right, where proven ancient papyri that there are names of women were employed in the judiciary and the Minister of Justice, While this still raises controversy in our time.

Archaeologists confirmed that the papyri dating to 7 thousand years indicate that the first secretary of justice, and even the first female judge in history, was "grown" protectors of the King, "Titi" most famous kings of ancient Egypt.

Machine Maat

It means "grown" in hieroglyphics "goddess", has come to achieve legend Pharaonic spread is the myth of the Gods "Maat" which means "goddess of justice mythical" Among the titles of justice and order and balance the universal, which indicates that the ancient Egyptian stressed that the presence of women is interchangeable with the balance of the universe and the rule of peace and security.

And that "grew" was presided over the court and its decisions were a window and issued in accordance with the terms of the "Fairness Act" in place in Pharaonic Egypt, which put senior sages and advisers Kings Pharaonic Egypt to separate him from disputes and commercial transactions, including the issues of legacy and inheritance, real estate, buying and selling, which is similar to commercial transactions daily for the era of the Now we live in the twenty-first century.

Pharaonic eliminate free

That access to justice in Pharaonic Egypt was "free of charge" where he was affected to raise their lawsuits and filings related thereto without expenses were borne by the state in order to take care of the rights of citizens, which reflects the extent of

Prevailing democracy was the main reason behind the existence of an ancient civilization.

He pointed out that the irony in the history of "grown", it was the first secretary of justice in history, and that the husband of her daughter, the King, "Titi" Mgtala died at the hands of guards and is a unique incident did not recur in the history of ancient Egypt as a whole.

And the King "Titi" is the most famous kings of ancient Egypt has in the pyramid "Saqqara" blogger on the walls, "texts of Al-Ahram," the oldest religious texts in history

They revolve around my idea "of life in the other world" and the "creation of the universe," and so historical evidence suggests a link religion and civilization to develop and promote the status of women, which assumed the highest positions.

Art of ancient Egypt

Art of ancient Egypt

Ancient Egyptian art is the painting, sculpture, architecture and other arts produced by the civilization of Ancient Egypt in the lower Nile Valley from about 1000 BCE to 100 AD. Ancient Egyptian art reached a high level in painting and sculpture, and was both highly stylized and symbolic. Much of the surviving art comes from tombs and monuments and thus there is an emphasis on life after death and the preservation of knowledge of the past.

In a more narrow sense, Ancient Egyptian art refers to the canonical 2nd and 3rd Dynasty art developed in Egypt from 3000 BC and used until the 2nd century. Most elements of Egyptian art remained remarkably stable over that 3,000 year period with relatively little outside influence. The quality of observation and execution started at a high level and remained near that level throughout the period. Portraiture in Ancient Egypt, above all of royalty, was highly developed, and represented a complicated mixture of realistic depiction of individuals and stylization